pág. 54
Artículo científico
Volumen 6, Número 2, julio - diciembre, 2023
Recibido: 02-10-2023, Aceptado: 15-12-2023
https://doi.org/10.46908/tayacaja.v6i2.214
Feasibility analysis of the cow manure (Bos taurus) biodigester as a
renewable energy source in the Ahuaycha district, 2023
Análisis de factibilidad del biodigestor de estiércol de vaca (Bos taurus) como fuente de
energía renovable en el distrito de Ahuaycha, 2023
Braulio Ccora Repuello
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo, Perú
Gloria María López Yupanqui
Universidad Nacional del Santa, Perú
Diana Estrella Orellana Reyes
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo, Perú
Merly Yadira Chávez de la Torre
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo, Perú
Jack Brando Pérez Híjar
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo, Perú
Nick Maykol Rodas Riveros
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo, Perú
ABSTRACT
The objective of the research was to analyze the viability of the cow manure biodigester (Bos taurus) as a source of
renewable energy in the district of Ahuaycha. The methodology was applied research, and direct observation was
also used to determine the manure content and the size of the biodigester. The results showed the amount of manure
produced by cows per day, month and year, 1 cow (Bos taurus) produces 4 kg of manure per day, to find the amount
of the 12 cows (sample) mathematical operations were carried out, which gave a result of 48 kg/day of manure. The
biodigester will be tubular and will consist of 4 main parts: the inlet container, which serves to introduce the mixture
of organic matter to the reactor; biol outlet, which is used to discharge waste from the reactor; biogas outlet, which
is used to take advantage of the gas accumulated in the Biodigester. Therefore, it is concluded that the implementation
of the biodigester is viable, because it performs better than domestic gas due to its high concentration of methane, it
is also economical and a tool to promote changes in the management of organic waste, thus promoting a more
sustainable development. in the district of Ahuaycha.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Biodigester, Biogas, renewable energy.
pág. 55
Artículo científico
Volumen 6, Número 2, julio - diciembre, 2023
Recibido: 02-10-2023, Aceptado: 15-12-2023
https://doi.org/10.46908/tayacaja.v6i2.214
RESUMEN
El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la viabilidad del Biodigestor de estiércol vacuno (Bos taurus) como fuente
de energía renovable en el distrito de Ahuaycha. La metodología fue la investigación aplicada, además se usó la
observación directa para determinar el contenido de estiércol y el tamaño del biodigestor. Los resultados evidenciaron
la cantidad de estiércol que producen las vacas por día, mes y año, 1 vaca (Bos taurus) produce al día 4 kg de estiércol,
para hallar la cantidad de las 12 vacas (muestra) se realizó operaciones matemáticas, lo que dio un resultado de 48
kg/día de estiércol. El biodigestor será tubular y constará de 4 partes principales: el recipiente de entrada, que sirve
para introducir la mezcla de materia orgánica al reactor; salida del biol, que sirve para descargar residuos provenientes
del reactor; salida de biogás, que sirve para poder aprovechar el gas acumulado en el Biodigestor. Por lo tanto, se
concluye que la implementación del biodigestor es viable, porque rinde mejor que el gas doméstico por su alta
concentración de metano, además es económico y una herramienta para impulsar cambios en la gestión de residuos
orgánicos, así promover un desarrollo más sostenible en el distrito de Ahuaycha.
Palabras clave: Estiércol vacuno, Biodigestor, Biogás, energía renovable.
.
INTRODUCTION
A cow manure (Bos taurus) biodigester is an
innovative technology that takes advantage of natural
resources and organic matter generated by livestock
farming to produce renewable energy and organic
fertilizers.
In a world increasingly aware of the importance of
sustainability and proper waste management, cattle
manure biodigesters have become an essential tool to
address the environmental and energy challenges
associated with agriculture and livestock farming.
(Toscano, 2015).
Some gases in the atmosphere are formed by the
decomposition of organic matter from animals and
plants (Cabrera, 2011).
Biodigesters can reduce animal waste that has a
negative impact on the environment by being
contributors to global warming, releasing gases such
as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
(Rodríguez and Urbina, 2012).
In a global context of growing environmental
awareness and search for sustainable solutions for
energy production, this feasibility analysis focuses on
the evaluation of the implementation of a manure
biodigesterbovine,as a source of renewable energy in
the district of Ahuaycha, in the year 2023.
This initiative arises in response to the need to address
local challenges related to the availability of energy
and the adequate management of organic waste, while
seeking to promote the sustainable development and
improve the quality of life of the district.
The Ahuaycha district, like many other regions around
the world, is facing increasing demand for energy, as
well as the need to find clean and affordable energy
alternatives that reduce dependence on non-renewable
sources. Furthermore, proper management of organic
waste, such as manurebovine, is essential to minimize
environmental impacts and promote sustainable
agricultural practices.
In this context, the manure biodigesterbovine,It is
presented as a promising solution, since it allows the
generation of biogas, a renewable energy source, from
organic waste.
This biogas can be used to generate electricity, heat or
as a cooking fuel, providing a sustainable energy
source and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The objective of the research is to analyze the viability
of the manure biodigesterbovineas a source of
renewable energy in the Ahuaycha district, from
different perspectives, including technical, economic,
environmental and social.
Likewise, evaluate aspects such as the availability of
raw materials, economic costs and benefits,
environmental impact and the potential for
improvement in the quality of life of the community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Place of study
The place of study of this research is in the District of
Ahuaycha, province of Tayacaja, department of
Huancavelica.
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Artículo científico
Volumen 6, Número 2, julio - diciembre, 2023
Recibido: 02-10-2023, Aceptado: 15-12-2023
https://doi.org/10.46908/tayacaja.v6i2.214
It is located at an altitude of 3287 meters above sea
level, located at the latitude coordinates 12°24'27'' and
longitude 74° 53' 29''.
Figure 1
Work area
Note: Own elaboration from Google Earth, (2023).
Investigation methodology
The research methodology used in this study was
applied research, because it focuses on solving
specific problems within a defined context. In
addition, it seeks knowledge from various specialized
areas to implement practical solutions and satisfy
specific needs in the social and productive sectors
(Vargas, 2009).
Data collection techniques and instruments
Direct observation: It was used to determine the
content of cow feces and determine the size of the
biodigester according to the amount that is stored.
Data collection: To determine the amount of manure
produced from the 12 cows, the following must be
done:
• Lock the cows in their stable, and let them remain
in that place for 1 day, then after time they proceed
to weigh the manure they discarded, the weight of
the cows' manure (each one) was approximately 4
kg.
• The amount (4kg) of cow manure is multiplied by
12, since the study will be carried out with 12
cows, resulting in 48kg of manure per day.
• To determine the production of manure in a
month, the multiplication 48 kg x 30 days is
carried out again, thus producing 1440 kg of
manure. Since our study will be carried out for one
year, we multiply it by 12 months, giving us a final
result of 17,280 kg of manure.
• In this way, the volume of the biodigester will be
determined by the daily load of manure deposited
by the 12 cows.
• It should be noted that the daily load will be based
on the available manure, conditioned by wanting
to produce a certain amount of biogas to be used
in different elements to produce a certain amount
of biol per day, week, month and year.
Consequently, a series of processes will be applied in
the field to carry out our research, which are described
below:
Identification of the study area
In the district of Ahuaycha there are families who are
dedicated to raising cattle, and since they do not have
waste management, the use of biodigesters in the area
is proposed.
Analysis of the information
The parameters for the design of the biodigester focus
on the number of cattle identified to project the
approximate amount of excreta generation.
Selection and design of the biodigester
The biodigester used is tubular type because it has
handling characteristics for the family. Where, in
addition, the materials used in the manufacture of the
equipment are easily accessible and economical.
Kind of investigation
This study was of two types, the first was descriptive
because it attempts to understand common situations
using descriptions of detailed actions, objects and
processes. For this reason, the study allowed us to
obtain data on the number of cattle necessary for the
design of the biodigester, as well as to determine the
necessary size and weight. The second was
documentary because it is based on a bibliographic
review to find precise answers in previous studies,
using other texts as the main source of information.
Population and Sample
The population is made up of the population of the
Ahuaycha district.
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Artículo científico
Volumen 6, Número 2, julio - diciembre, 2023
Recibido: 02-10-2023, Aceptado: 15-12-2023
https://doi.org/10.46908/tayacaja.v6i2.214
In this research, the sample size is 1 family made up
of 7 members who reside in the district of Ahuaycha.
RESULTS
This work was carried out at the facilities of the
Instituto de Investigación Agroindustrial (IITA) of the
Universidad Nacional del Santa (UNS). We are
grateful to the office of the Vice Rectorate of Research
(VRIN) - UNS, for the facilities in sending this
manuscript.
In the district of Ahuaycha, there is a producer
dedicated to raising cattle, it has a total of 12 cows
(Bos taurus) that produces 4kg of manure per day,
which allows the collection of excreta, based on this
background the Table 1 has results of the manure data
produced by cows by day, month and year in 2022.
Table 1
Manure produced by cows (Bos taurus) by day, month
and year in the Ahuaycha district
Number
of cows
(Bos
taurus)
Amount of
manure per
day
Amount of
manure per
month (30
days)
Amount of
manure per
year (12
months)
1
4kg
120kg
1 440 kg
12
48kg
1440kg
17 280kg
Note: The table shows us the amount of manure
produced by 12 cows (Bos taurus) per day, month and
year in the district of Ahuaycha. Own elaboration,
(2023).
The amount of manure that 1 cow produces per day is
4kg, per month considering 30 days it reaches a total
of 120kg/month and per year with 1,440 kg, in tons to
1.44 Tn. In this project we will work with 12 cows,
that is, they produce 48 kg of manure per day, 1,440
kg (1.44 Tn) per month, and a total of 17,280 kg per
year, in tons of 17.28 Tn (Table 1).
Table 2
Amount of methane gas produced per kg of cattle
manure
No. of
cows
Amount of methane produced per kg of cattle
manure
1kg
4kg
48kg
1
0.4 m3
1.6 m3
19.2 m3
12
4.8 m3
19.2.m3
230.4 m3
Note: Amount of methane gas produced per kg of
cattle manure (Cortés, 2019).
Table 2 shows the amount of methane gas produced by
each cow, that is, for 1 kg of cow manure 0.4 m3 of
methane is produced, for 4 kg of manure (1 cow) 1.6
m3 of methane is generated and for 12 cows produce
48 kg of manure, which generates 230.4 m3 of
methane.
Table 3
Comparison of content and performance of domestic
gas with biogas
Gas type
Content
Performance
Gas
0.01 m3
2 weeks
Biogas
230.4 m3
1 month
Note: Comparison of content and performance of
domestic gas with biogas. Own elaboration, (2023).
In table 3 it can be seen that the domestic gas content
is 0.01 m3 with a performance of 2 weeks, on the
contrary, the biogas content is 230.4 m3 with a
performance of 1 month. In comparison, it is stated
that biogas performs better than domestic gas due to
its high concentration of methane, therefore, the
viability of the biodigester is attributed for providing
us with biogas, and it tends to be very efficient and its
construction does not require much budget or time and
the benefits it attributes to us offset all the expectations
raised.
Biodigester design
The horizontal or tubular design of the biodigester
makes it easier for the user to maintain it, and
consequently its viability is also economical and
simple.
Figure 2
Design of the tubular biodigester pit
Source: CIDELSA, 2014.
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Artículo científico
Volumen 6, Número 2, julio - diciembre, 2023
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Figure 2 shows the structure of the pit where the
reactor will be introduced. It is 5m long and 0.8m
deep.
To accelerate the anaerobic activity of cattle manure,
it is important that 75% of the reactor body be inside
the pit and the remaining 25% outside, that is, if its
diameter is 1 m, then 75 cm will be under the pit.
ground and 25 cm will be outdoors (TvAgro, 2019).
Figure 3
Tubular biodigester installation system
Source: CIDELSA, 2014.
Figure 3 shows the proper installation of the tubular
biodigester model and consists of 4 main parts: the
inlet container, which serves to introduce the mixture
of organic matter (water+feces) to the reactor; biol
outlet, which is used to discharge waste from the
reactor; biogas outlet, which is used to take advantage
of the gas accumulated in the biodigester.
Materials used for the implementation of a tubular
biodigester.
According to Estrella, (2002) in his research work
titled “Design of a biodigester for animal excreta in the
El Calvario community, Veracruz parish, Pastaza
canton, Ecuador”, the materials that will be used to
make a biodigester will be the following:
a) Ditch:It is the place inwhichthe biodigester
will be located.
b) Earth bags:The trench will have a suitable
shape in the ground, as much as necessary.
c) Old plastics, tarps or bags:They will
function as a protection for the biodigester, in
whatever quantity is considered necessary.
d) Reactor:A double-sided plastic is used, so
that it serves to cover the reactorlocatedin the
trench, so that the gas does not escape.
e) Inlet PVC pipe:A 6” tube is used, since cow
manure is used, a 1.5 m long tube with 90 cm
inside the biodigester will be needed.
f) PVC drain pipe:A 6” tube is
usedbecauseCow manure will be used so that
it has greater resistance with the double-sided
plastic.
g) Tire tube:They will be obtained from the tires
of cars or motorcycles that must be cut into
strips 5 cm wide, two rim chambers between
14 or 16 are needed.
h) PVC accessories:You need a PVC thread, a
PVC female and male adapter, so that it can
then be glued with the PVC pipes.
i) Water pipes:They will use everything
necessary for a good installation with 1/2"
pipes.
j) Teflon:1 Teflon with thread for greater
comfort.
k) Elbow and universal elbow:Measuring 1/2"
or 3/4".
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l) Kitchen: A stove that uses gas is required,
which preferably has two burners.
Economic costs and benefits
Table 4
Total economic benefits (S/.) derived from the practice
of the technology in a 7.2 m3 polyethylene biodigester
for a period of 10 years
YEARS
0
1
5
10
Benefits
Biogas
value
148.4
0
152.5
8
172.0
4
199.4
4
Effluent
value
260.2
5
268.0
6
301.7
0
349.7
5
Function
al value
35.15
36.20
40.75
47.24
Total
benefits
408.6
5
420.9
1
473.7
4
549.1
9
Costs
Facility
150.0
0
0.00
1.00
201.5
9
Driving
146.0
0
150.3
8
169.2
5
196.2
1
Total
costs
296.0
0
150.3
8
170.2
5
397.8
0
Net
profits
per year
112.6
5
270.5
3
303.4
8
151.3
9
Note: Table 4 shows the values presented for 10 years
corresponding to the benefits and expenses used for
the installation of a biodigester (Aguilar & Botero,
2006).
Table 4 shows the benefits and costs for creating a
7.2m3 polyethylene biodigester. Which for its
calculation was carried out based on the commercial
value that the biogas will have, as well as the effluent
that it will contain to replace the inputs (Aguilar &
Botero, 2006). With respect to our project, it will serve
as a reference, because the materials, as well as the
costs, will be less, since a homemade biodigester is
used, with materials that are affordable, since it is
intended that said project will not be very expensive,
that way more residents with livestock can use it in
their homes and have natural gas.
Environmental and social perspective
The system reduces greenhouse gases, since the gas
emanated by beef feces will be captured in the reactor
to later be converted into thermal energy. The
population, in that sense, benefits from using this type
of energy, because apart from being cheap, it is
friendly to the environment. The contamination of air,
soil, water and others by livestock manure is a fact that
is frequently underestimated; however, manure
contributes 50% of the total ammonia emissions into
the atmosphere, since its volatilization rate is higher.
to 23% (BANR and BEST, 2003, given this reality,
biodigester technology has been highlighted to
alleviate the environmental problems caused by pig
waste, because in addition to being an alternative
source of renewable gas, it allows the reuse of pig
waste. such that they will be prepared to improve the
soil without compromising (Zanin, Bagatini, and
Pessatto, 2009).
DISCUSSIONS
According to Toala, (2014) as traditional energy
sources developed by humans have become harmful,
insufficient, expensive and dangerous, and have
caused various types of environmental pollution, new
ways to mitigate the deterioration of the environment
have been investigated. environment by making better
use of natural resources. One of these alternatives is to
use anaerobic digestion or biodigestion of organic
waste through devices called biodigesters. It is
important to mention that, in the livestock sector,
manure is used as a raw material to produce biogas and
biofertilizers, which helps reduce the accumulation of
organic matter in the soil and offers a more sustainable
way to obtain energy and fertilizers, without damaging
environment.
Salazar & Torres, (2019) in his study mentions that
biodigesters are an opportunity and a tool to contribute
to a profound change in the management of organic
waste (manure), due to these systems not only
'treating' these wastes, but also They help the recycling
of nutrients through the use of the fertilizer produced,
they also offer energy use through the capture and use
of the biogas generated; In comparison with our study,
what is sought in this study is to demonstrate the
viability of the cattle manure biodigester as a source of
renewable energy, from different perspectives,
including technical, economic, environmental and
social. Likewise, considering aspects such as the
availability of raw materials, economic costs and
benefits.
Authors like Tay León, (2017) refers to the fact that
the production of biogas allows the production of
renewable energy and also contributes to mitigating
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climate change, reducing methane emissions from the
anaerobic decomposition of manure and reducing the
use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. In relation to this
investigative work, we can say that we also seek to
design a technology that offers a comprehensive
solution for the generation of renewable energy, the
management of organic waste and the improvement of
the quality of life of the community, in this way reduce
environmental pollution.
Durazno, (2018) carried out a comparison study where
he reported that pig manure has a 6% higher
biodigestion percentage compared to cow manure at
an average temperature of 14.4 °C. Regarding the
study, the type of livestock that the majority of the
population of Tayacaja or the study place itself has
must be taken into consideration. In that sense, it is
considered convenient to carry out the biodigester with
bovine manure; furthermore, the difference in
biodigestion does not vary by a large percentage.
Regarding the efficiency of biogas and liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG or domestic gas), Jiménez, (2016)
mentions that LPG has a lower combustion rate than
biogas in a traditional burner, so its efficiency was 69
% in energy value. Similarly, Barrena et al., (2019),
installed a biogas and biofertilizer production system
consisting of a tubular or horizontal PVC
geomembrane biodigester that was fed with water in a
ratio of 1:5; at an average ambient temperature of 14.4
°C. The biodigester produced was 1.27 meters in
diameter and 6.70 meters long, which generated a
working volume of 6.37 cubic meters. These
dimensions of the biodigester allowed a peasant family
to prepare their food and be illuminated for around 5
continuous hours. In this sense, biogas presents a high
effectiveness in relation to costs and benefits,
traditional domestic gas in Peru of 10 kg ranges in
price approximately 40 soles, which is a considerable
amount for low-income livestock families in the
region. province of Tayacaja.
The degree of danger of gas cylinders is another
determining factor to establish optimal viability
between the production of biogas and the use of
traditional gas. In relation to this, in just 6 months of
2020, four 4,906 gas leak events were recorded in the
cities of Lima and the constitutional province of
Callao (ASPEC, 2020). The biodigesters, for their
part, ensure effective safety against possible explosion
risks, thanks to the relief valve that works in the event
of a pressure overload in the biodigester (ECLAC,
2019).
Cortéz, (2019) mentions that the production of biogas
as a source of energy will be very viable, mainly the
horizontal model, due to the ease of its construction,
since they are made of plastic covers, where the gas
that will be formed will be located in the elevated part
of the balloon, with the pressure that will depend on
the space. Furthermore, Moreira (2014) states that
obtaining biogas will depend on the compatibility of
the manure with water, where the biodigester must be
constantly monitored. The biodigester that Moreira
applied had a Horizontal model, because it is
characterized by containing the elongated digestion
chamber and it helps that the load cannot mix with the
effluent.
The current scenario of the ecosystem is destined for
total collapse, unless man completely changes his
worldview through sustainable business practice,
causing a change of values and orientation in his
operating systems, compromising the idea of
sustainable development and preservation of the
environment. atmosphere (Zanin, Bagatini and
Pessatto, 2009). Therefore, it is necessary to promote
alternative energy such as the biodigester. The
subversive effects of manure, as previously
mentioned, are greatly underestimated; however, it is
a main emitting agent of greenhouse gases. Given this,
it can be stated that cattle manure is not only viable for
the operation of the biodigester, but also for reducing
greenhouse gases and global warming.
CONCLUSIONS
The feasibility analysis of the cattle manure (Bos
taurus) biodigester as a renewable energy source for
the Ahuaycha district, in the year 2023, reveals the
promise and potential of this technology to address a
series of local challenges and promote further
development. sustainable and equitable in the
community. This technology offers a comprehensive
solution for the creation of renewable energy, the
management of organic waste and the improvement of
the quality of life of the community. However, the
importance of a collaborative approach involving the
community, local authorities and other stakeholders is
highlighted to ensure the success, as well as the long-
term sustainability of this project.
The implementation of the cattle manure biodigester is
viable, since when the comparison of content and
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performance of domestic gas with biogas was carried
out, it resulted that domestic gas is 0.01 m3 with a
performance of 2 weeks, on the contrary, The biogas
content is 230.4 m3 with a yield of 1 month. In
comparison, it was stated that biogas performs better
than domestic gas due to its high concentration of
methane, therefore, the viability of the biodigester is
attributed for providing us with biogas. Likewise, it is
important to mention that it has a low cost and is a
viable option for obtaining thermal energy for cooking
food for families with limited resources in rural areas.
Furthermore, biodigesters are an advantage as a tool to
promote profound changes in the management of
organic waste, because the systems not only process
said waste, but also help recover nutrients through the
fertilizer produced, and provide energy through its
capture and exploitation.
Adding to the above, the biodigester is a less
expensive way to produce gas, which will help the
population, especially those who have livestock, to be
able to implement it, since the materials used are not
so expensive, in the same way supporting the care of
the environment. On the other hand, the expected costs
for 10 years of the polyethylene biodigester will
initially be an investment for the implementation of
the biodigester, but it will bring benefits over the
years, in turn helping to combat pollution.
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